Moneta's Temple and Gallery

PHOENICIA - Byblus, Azbaal (ca. 400-365 BC) AR shekel

Moneta — Sat, 27 Apr 2024 16:25:54 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: PHOENICIA. Byblus. Azbaal (ca. 400-365 BC). AR shekel (24mm, 13.28 gm, 6h). NGC MS 5/5 - 5/5. Penteconter proceeding left with prow terminating in lion's head, containing three hoplites with crested helmets and round shields, on zigzag line of waves; hippocamp swimming left below ship, 'Z (Phoenician) above hippocamp, murex shell below / 'ZBL' MLK GBL (Phoenician), lion left attacking bull left. SNG Copenhagen 132. HGC 10, 133 corr. (letters not noted on obverse). Blush hues and sparkling surfaces highlight devices struck from fresh dies. A fantastic pre-Alexander the Great disruption of Phoenicia area silver coin. This is a Heritage Auctions photo and description. I was bidding but it got a little rich for me at my age. But.. I had to display it here, but it is not physically in the Moneta Museum. Ex Heritage Auctions, Auction 3048 (11 August 2016), lot 32048. View & Download: Coinweek Ancient Coin Series - Phoenicians at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Coinage_of_the_Phoenicians.pdf

China - Lead imitation cowrie

Moneta — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 14:30:58 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: The Chinese cataloger states that this is an early lead type from the Zhou Dynasty manufactured before 750 B.C.E. It's 13 x 30 mm and weighs 6.67 g. Hartill has a related type as H# 1.2, VF and retains burial deposits. Moneta Library has articles on Cowries to VIEW and DOWNLOAD: The Worlds's First Money, Chinese Cowries and Their Imitations - by Ted Puls: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The%20Worlds%20Oldest%20Money%20_Cowries_Ted%20Puls.pdf Cowries - Bob Reis: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/COWRIES_Reis.pdf Origin of Cowries in Ancient China - UofPa: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Origin%20of%20Cowries%20in%20Ancient%20China.pdf Metallic Cowries - Royal Asiatic Society: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Metallic%20Cowries%20-%20Royal%20Asiatic%20Society.pdf Nice Video on Cowrie history: http://tinyurl.com/CowrieVideo An excellent article in ANA's "Numismatist" magazine, Oct 2017 > http://onlinedigitalpublishing.com/publication/?i=440085&ver=html5&p=40 SEE how far back in time decorative sea shells were important to prehistoric man at his : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090505163021.htm Interested in Primitive Money? Then check out this YouTube video created by Kagins Auctions featuring Bob Leonard and Charles Opitz upon the massive sale in March 2021. Click this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MIKxfbAaZg

Rome - Aurelian & Vabalathus Antoninianus

Moneta — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 14:18:35 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Aurelian (270 - 275 A.D.) this coin struck between late 270 and early 272 AD. Antoninianus from the Antioch mint, 3rd Officina, 1st immission. Radiate & cuirassed bust of Aurelian on the obverse with 'S' below. Reverse features the laureate bust of Vabalathus (Palmyra) draped and cuirassed. g VF RIC V#381, BN1244-5. I'll update with a short history of this double portrait coin.

Rome - Legion X Fretensis Counterstamps (x2)

Moneta — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 14:06:03 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: The price of these Judean (Syria) Legionary counterstamps is high in the market but I try to acquire all Legion X Frentensis material that I can find. Countermarks were applied in the late 1st C. A.D. OB: Bust in oval countermark. Rev: galley in rectangular countermark on a Judea Capta bronze (?). For this exact type (perhaps this one) see Hendin # 6644. For the suspected host coin see Hendin 6472-4. Countermarks are VF on a fair host. The host may be a Judea Capta series coin of Vespasian from the mint of Caesarea Maritima, H#6472. It's ~ 22mm at 3.59 g. VIEW & DOWNLOAD For a great article on the coins of Pontius Pilate be sure to check out this Numiswiki article at this: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Coins%20of%20Pontius%20Pilate Handbook of Biblical Numismatics by Mel Wacks (see section on Legion X counterstamped coins, see coins # 59 & 60) at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Handbook%20Of%20Biblical%20Numismatics.pdf

Rome - Legion X Fretensis Counterstamps (x2)

Moneta — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 14:06:03 -0700

China - Green Bone imitation cowrie, encased

Moneta — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 13:50:36 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Here's another green bone cowrie, this one encased in China. The label states "Pre-Qin [dynasty] Shanxi Bone Shell." This is 40.1 x 12.2 mm and weighs 1.39 g. Moneta Library has articles on Cowries to VIEW and DOWNLOAD: The Worlds's First Money, Chinese Cowries and Their Imitations - by Ted Puls: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The%20Worlds%20Oldest%20Money%20_Cowries_Ted%20Puls.pdf Cowries - Bob Reis: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/COWRIES_Reis.pdf Origin of Cowries in Ancient China - UofPa: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Origin%20of%20Cowries%20in%20Ancient%20China.pdf Metallic Cowries - Royal Asiatic Society: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Metallic%20Cowries%20-%20Royal%20Asiatic%20Society.pdf Nice Video on Cowrie history: http://tinyurl.com/CowrieVideo An excellent article in ANA's "Numismatist" magazine, Oct 2017 > http://onlinedigitalpublishing.com/publication/?i=440085&ver=html5&p=40 SEE how far back in time decorative sea shells were important to prehistoric man at his : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090505163021.htm Interested in Primitive Money? Then check out this YouTube video created by Kagins Auctions featuring Bob Leonard and Charles Opitz upon the massive sale in March 2021. Click this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MIKxfbAaZg

China - Green Bone imitation cowrie

Moneta — Sat, 06 Apr 2024 13:41:45 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Green bone cowries are scarcer than natural colored ones and are often well carved. The green color comes from being found in or near bronze burial vessels. That may be why they tend to be well carved, the fact they have been selected to be put into a bronze vessel, rather than just strewn around in the grave. This one has two small holes and is 32 x 21mm. Moneta Library has articles on Cowries to VIEW and DOWNLOAD: The Worlds's First Money, Chinese Cowries and Their Imitations - by Ted Puls: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The%20Worlds%20Oldest%20Money%20_Cowries_Ted%20Puls.pdf Cowries - Bob Reis: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/COWRIES_Reis.pdf Origin of Cowries in Ancient China - UofPa: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Origin%20of%20Cowries%20in%20Ancient%20China.pdf Metallic Cowries - Royal Asiatic Society: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Metallic%20Cowries%20-%20Royal%20Asiatic%20Society.pdf Nice Video on Cowrie history: http://tinyurl.com/CowrieVideo An excellent article in ANA's "Numismatist" magazine, Oct 2017 > http://onlinedigitalpublishing.com/publication/?i=440085&ver=html5&p=40 SEE how far back in time decorative sea shells were important to prehistoric man at his : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090505163021.htm Interested in Primitive Money? Then check out this YouTube video created by Kagins Auctions featuring Bob Leonard and Charles Opitz upon the massive sale in March 2021. Click this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MIKxfbAaZg

Rome - Aes Formatum Cockle Shell - ca. 5th-3rd centuries BCE

Moneta — Mon, 26 Jun 2023 12:17:31 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Not as impressive as the the other, larger, Aes Formatum cockle shell shown here in the Moneta Museum, but this one is in the Museum. It took a long while to hammer one down for the collection. Heritage description: Anonymous (ca. 5th-3rd centuries BC). AE aes formatum (26mm, 11.02 gm). As made. Cast leaded bronze in the form of a cockle shell. Thurlow & Vecchi p. 20. From the Salassi III Collection. These have been found in various places around the Mediterranean Sea, including Spain and Croatia, all places trading with Rome. The Aes Formatum are the sucessor of the Aes Rude (unshaped cast bronze pieces) and the predecessor to the Aes Grave (large heavy bronze coins). These are formed pieces of cast bronze, imitating actual objects or taking on recognizable shapes. Because the Aes Formatum system did not have a standard value, the values were determined based on the weights of the individual pieces. The Shell shape has confirmible weights varying from 5 to 121 grams. 400 BC - 201 BCE [Numista] Fifth century Rome saw the official valuation of bronze at equivalents of oxen and sheep, when in c. 450 the decemvirs codified the Roman Law in the famous 'Twelve Tablets' which recognized the bronze currency in use in central Italy (i.e., 1000 Asserae= 1 ox, 100 lbs of bronze = 1 ox, 10 Asserae= 1 sheep, etc). A system of barter with copper objects had long existed in central Italy where copper was plentiful and valued while silver was rare and gold nearly non-existent. The Italic population had produced Aes Rude from very early times and they are often found in hoards of votive deposits to divinities of fountains and rivers from the first half of the 1st millennium B.C. down to the end of the 4th century B.C. Called aes formatum by Haeberlin, this very rare bronze currency was a precursor to the issues of aes grave but later than aes rude. [Agora Auctions; Agora Sale 28 #74. and Sale 101 #270] VIEW: A great source of information on this very early form of "Coinage" is the NumisWiki at this https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=aes%20formatum

Gallienus - Vict Germanica antoninianus

Moneta — Wed, 26 Apr 2023 20:23:47 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Bust of Gallienus, radiate, cuirassed, left, holding spear in right hand and shield in left hand. Obverse lettering: GALLIENVS AVG GERM V; Translation: Gallienus Augustus Germanicus Quintus. Emperor (Augustus) Gallienus, conqueror of the Germans for the fifth time. Reverse: Victory, winged, draped, walking or running right, holding wreath in right hand and trophy in left hand. Rx. lettering: VICT GERMANICA; Translation: Victoria Germanica; Victory over the Germans. It's 2.67 g. at ~ 21mm. Mint: Lugdunum, Gaul, modern-day Lyons, France. Choice Superb EF. Lustrous. Toned. RIC V.1# 43, OCRE# ric.5.gall(1).43; Cohen 1061; MIR 893h; RIC 44. See this Numiswiki article for a great history presentation at this: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=The%20Age%20of%20Gallienus

Justinian - Follis - Constantinople

Ela126 — Wed, 26 Apr 2023 19:53:06 -0700

by: Ela126

Description: Year 13 Weight 23.71g 42mm Savoca Silver Auction - April 2023

Justin 1 - 1.5 Nummi - Thessalonica

Ela126 — Wed, 19 Apr 2023 09:33:31 -0700

by: Ela126

Description: Very rare denomination, less than 10 known. Graded Ch VF by NGC 4/5, 3/5 0.66g. MIB N75

Constantine X - Double Scyphate Miliaresion

Ela126 — Wed, 19 Apr 2023 06:18:53 -0700

by: Ela126

Description: Possibly unique Appears to be 2 rare SB1847 var 2 (silver variant) miliaresion linked together. Weight 5.34g XRF data: 96.4 silver 3.6 copper

Carthage - Tanit & Horse Head, Sardinia

Moneta — Sun, 16 Apr 2023 16:36:36 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Head of Astarte (Persephone) (Tanit in Phoenician - Carthage mythology), wearing wreath of barley or wheat and wearing 3 prong earrings. Rx: Horses head right in front of Phoenician letter 'I'. Probably from the mint in Sardinia. 5.18 g and ~ 25 mm. Catalog references: A.57 m - Cop.175 var. - CNP.252 ah - Müller305 variety. The obverse type is traditionally described as the head of Tanit, a North African goddess adopted by the Carthaginians as a local form of the Phoenician deity, Astarte. She became the chief goddess of the Carthaginian pantheon as the consort of Ba'al-Hammon, the supreme male deity of Carthage. She was a goddess of fertility as well as of war, which made her an appropriate figure to appear on money struck for military purposes. The benefaction of Tanit was sometimes invoked through the terrible rite of child sacrifice. Infants were placed alive into the sloping hands of her cult statue, only to roll down into a fire pit below. This ultimate sacrifice was thought to bring great blessings upon worshippers of the goddess, but was generally condemned by Greeks, Romans, and Persians. Ironically, the depiction of the very un-Greek Tanit is strongly influenced by the representations of Persephone popular on the silver coinage of Greek Syracuse in the fourth century B.C. Over the course of the long struggle between Carthage and Syracuse for control of Sicily, the Carthaginians were exposed to Syracusan coinage and took it as a model for their own. The horse on the reverse may refer to the foundation myth of Carthage ("New City" in Phoenician). It is reported that when the Tyrian queen, Dido, set out to establish her new city, diggers initially uncovered the head of an ox. This was interpreted as a sign that a city built on that site would be wealthy but subject to others. Unsatisfied, she had her builders consider a different site. When work began on the new site, the excavators dug up the head of a horse. This omen was read as a sign that a city there would become great in war. It was therefore decided to found Carthage on the second site. Thus, the horse on Carthaginian coins can be understood to have a double usage, both as an emblem of the city and as an appropriate symbol for a military coinage. (source: Numismatica Ars Classica, Auction 110 Catalog)

Cappadocia - Ariobarzanes III

Moneta — Thu, 13 Apr 2023 19:17:34 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Silver drachm (52 - 42 B.C.) of Ariobarzanes III (Eusebus Philoromaios). Obverse legend: Anepigraph (none) Obverse description: Diademed and slightly bearded head of Ariobarzanes III right. Reverse description: Athena Nicephorus standing left, helmeted and draped, holding Nike in right hand and spear in left, leaning on her shield; in the left field, lunisolar symbol Reverse legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΟΒΑΡΖΑΝΟΥ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ Reverse translation: (from king Ariobarzanes pious and who loves the Romans). He was of Persian and Greek ancestry. The Roman Senate agreed that he was to be the successor of his father, Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia; Cicero, Roman governor of Cilicia, noted that he was surrounded by enemies who included his mother, Athenais. Originally highly supportive of Pompey despite the cost, he was maintained in his position after Julius Caesar won the civil war in Rome, even gaining territory with the addition of Lesser Armenia. The liberator Cassius Longinus had him executed in 42 BC because he would not allow more Roman intervention in his kingdom. He was succeed by his brother, Ariarathes X of Cappadocia.

Judea - Pontius Pilate Prutah - Year 16 (29 - 30 A.D.)

Moneta — Thu, 13 Apr 2023 16:35:29 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Judea under Roman Procurators, in this case the famous Pontius Pilate (26 - 36 AD). Struck under Augustus (27 BCE - 14 CE). This example dated during the ministry of Jesus Christ, here displayed as Year 16= 29-30 A.D. This coin featured pagan symbols which violated Jewish rules. Obverse: Libation ladle (simpulum); Lettering: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΡΙCΑΡΟC LΙς [Translation: of Tiberius Caesar, year 16]. Reverse: Three bound ears of grain, the outer two droop; Lettering: ΙΟΥ ΛΙΑ ΚΑΙCΑΡΟC, [Translation: Julia the Queen]. Hendin 6th ed# 6370; Meshorer TJC 331. In VF condition at 1.90 g.; 15.9 mm. VIEW & DOWNLOAD For a great article on the coins of Pontius Pilate be sure to check out this Numiswiki article at this: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Coins%20of%20Pontius%20Pilate Handbook of Biblical Numismatics by Mel Wacks (a must see if you're truly interested in Biblical Coinage) at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Handbook%20Of%20Biblical%20Numismatics.pdf

Justin II & Sophia Follis

Moneta — Mon, 20 Mar 2023 12:31:54 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Justin II (565 - 578 A.D.) with Queen Sophia, seated abreast on thrones. Constantinople mint, Officina 'B' (2nd). References describe as: Justin & Sophia, both Nimbate, Enthroned facing. Justin hold globus crucigar & Sophia holds Cruciform Scepter. Sear BCV# 360; D.O.# 36c. Nearly as struck, Regnal Date (9)= 573 - 574 A.D. VIEW & DOWNLOAD You can read an extensive article on 'regnally-dated' Byzantine coins at our library, plus the Intro to Sear Byzantine coins Byzantine Regnally-Dated Coins - Cervin: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf Byzantine Coins - Sear Intro: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf

Justinian - Constantinople Follis, Side Portrait

Moneta — Mon, 20 Mar 2023 12:26:03 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Justinian (527 - 539 A.D.) - DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG, early issue. Constaninople mint, Delta Officina (4th). Sear BCV# 158, D.O 28, BMC 28-32. 31mm 16.9 g, VF, solid green patina. VIEW & DOWNLOAD You can read an extensive article on 'regnally-dated' Byzantine coins at our library, plus the Intro to Sear Byzantine coins Byzantine Regnally-Dated Coins - Cervin: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf Byzantine Coins - Sear Intro: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf

Justinian - on Throne, Antioch

Moneta — Mon, 20 Mar 2023 12:19:40 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Justinian, full image on throne type with the mintmark of THEUP (Antioch, Arabic Alphabet), Follis (40 Nummi). Officina Delta (4th), Star and Crescent type. Sear BCV# 214 VIEW & DOWNLOAD You can read an extensive article on 'regnally-dated' Byzantine coins at our library, plus the Intro to Sear Byzantine coins Byzantine Regnally-Dated Coins - Cervin: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf Byzantine Coins - Sear Intro: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf

Justinian - Constantinople, Follis

Moneta — Mon, 20 Mar 2023 12:13:57 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Justinian, profile portrait, Constantinople mint, 3rd Officina. 40 Nummi (Follis). Sear BCV# 158, F+, no regnal date. VIEW & DOWNLOAD You can read an extensive article on 'regnally-dated' Byzantine coins at our library, plus the Intro to Sear Byzantine coins Byzantine Regnally-Dated Coins - Cervin: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf Byzantine Coins - Sear Intro: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Byzantium%20Coins%20-%20Sear%20Intro.pdf

Tetricus I - Fides Militum

Moneta — Mon, 20 Mar 2023 12:08:26 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Tetricus I (271 - 274 A.D.); IMP TETRCVS AVG. Reverse: FIDES MILITVM. RIC V.1# 71, VM# 3, C.40. Nice Portrait, obsured reverse. 19mm 2.25g VIEW & DOWNLOAD: Gallic Empire by Percy at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Gallic%20Empire.pdf

Zhou Silver covered Cowrie

Moneta — Sun, 19 Mar 2023 13:52:56 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: ZHOU: Anonymous, 1000-700 BC, silvered AE cowrie (6.09g), H-1, silvered bronze imitation cowrie shell money, usual encrustation, EF, ex Dr. Dirk Löer Collection. Cowrie shells, in Chinese called bèi, were used as money probably since around 2000 BC, from the Shang dynasty up through the Zhou dynasty. The cowries were an intelligent solution to make "small money" because they were collected in seas far south of China and only kings could afford to import them. Furthermore natural shells were impossible to counterfeit. Later imitations were made of various materials: bone, stone, jade, clay, bronze, and even silver and bronze with gold plating. [Steve Album Auction site for photo and text]. After many years of collecting these this is the first silver covered bronze cowrie I have ever seen (rather than plated or solid). So this is a borrowed photo to ensure I have the most complete Museum of cowries and their imitations on the web. Moneta Library has articles on Cowries to VIEW and DOWNLOAD: The Worlds's First Money, Chinese Cowries and Their Imitations - by Ted Puls: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The%20Worlds%20Oldest%20Money%20_Cowries_Ted%20Puls.pdf Cowries - Bob Reis: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/COWRIES_Reis.pdf Origin of Cowries in Ancient China - UofPa: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Origin%20of%20Cowries%20in%20Ancient%20China.pdf Metallic Cowries - Royal Asiatic Society: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Metallic%20Cowries%20-%20Royal%20Asiatic%20Society.pdf Nice Video on Cowrie history: http://tinyurl.com/CowrieVideo An excellent article in ANA's "Numismatist" magazine, Oct 2017 > http://onlinedigitalpublishing.com/publication/?i=440085&ver=html5&p=40 SEE how far back in time decorative sea shells were important to prehistoric man at his : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090505163021.htm Interested in Primitive Money? Then check out this YouTube video created by Kagins Auctions featuring Bob Leonard and Charles Opitz upon the massive sale in March 2021. Click this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MIKxfbAaZg

Vespasian (period) Judea, Ascalon w/ Legion 'X'

Moneta — Sat, 18 Mar 2023 10:20:24 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: A Judaean coin from Ascalon where the Tenth Legion was stationed after being moved from Syria. This is a Vespasian period coin, not Roman, it follows the design of coins issued by Phoenician cities in the area. Obverse: Veiled and turreted bust of Tyche, right; 'X' in incuse square countermark. Reverse: Galley sailing right w/ sOP date. Rosenberger 53, RPC 2204, SNG ANS 679-82; 16.11 mm, 3.89 g. VF-.

Commodus - LIBERTAS, denarius

Moneta — Sat, 18 Mar 2023 10:05:36 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Commodus (179 - 192 A.D.); M COMM ANT P FEL AVG BRIT PP. Reverse: Libertas with a Pileus (Liberty cap) and Scepter; legend: LIB AVG PM TR P XV COS VI. Van Meter (VM) RIC# 34; C.282 S 282. VF+

Victorinus - FIDES MILITVM

Moneta — Sat, 18 Mar 2023 09:57:33 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Victorinus (269 -271 A.D.) with scarce obverse legend: IMP C PIA V VICTORINVS PF AVG. Reverse: Fides standing, facing, holds a military standard in each hand; FIDES MILITVM. 19.9mm at 3.2 g. VF+; RIC 109, VM# 6, C.36 VIEW & DOWNLOAD: Gallic Empire by Percy at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Gallic%20Empire.pdf

Constantine I, The Great - GENIO AVGVSTI, Follis

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 20:08:31 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Constantine I (309 - 310 A.D., as Filus Augustorun in the East). I've been unable to find a reference for this type. Struck in Antioch, here Genius is holding a figure of Victory rather than the head of Serapis. OB: IMP C FL VAL CONSTANTINVS PP AVG. Reverse: GENIO AVGVSTI, with a Star and 'A' in the left & right fields; 'ANT' in exergue. Genius is standing facing left, he holds a figure of Victory, which itself is holding a wreath in his extended right hand, cornucopia in left arm.

Constantius II - Barbarian in Hut

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 19:58:31 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Constantius II (Augustus 337 - 361 A.D.) Centenionalis AE2 issued after 348 AD. DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG. Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO; Constantius dragging a barbarian youth out of his hut beneath a tree, star above. 'ALEA' in exergue probably means Alexandria mint officina A. Desert patina. VM# 88,

Diocletian - Jupiter, antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 19:23:40 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Diocletian (284 - 305 A.D.), IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG. Reverse: Diocetian standing right, receiving Victory on Globe from Jupiter, 'B' between and 'XXI' in exergue. Rx legend: CONCORDIA MILITVM. Nearly full silvering on this XF+ coin. RIC v.2# 306. VIEW & DOWNLOAD - Diocletians Monetary Reform at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Diocletians_Monetary_Reform.pdf

Maximianus - Jupiter & Hercules

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 19:10:19 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Maximianus, 1st Reign (286 - 305 A.D.); IMP C M AVR VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG. Reverse: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG; Jupiter & Hercules, standing facing each other; Jupiter, on the left, is holding out a globe and holds a scepter. Hercules is holding out Victory while holding a club and lion's skin. 'TR' between and 'XXI' in exergue. Nearly full silvering remains, XF+. RIC v.2# 624F, VM# 24, C.311

Dioclectian - Jupiter & Hercules

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 18:52:37 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Diocletian (284 - 305 A.D.); IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG. Reverse: Jupiter and Hercules standing and facing each other, Jupiter, on the left is holding a globe & scepter, Hercules is holding Victory, his club and Lion skin. In the field between the mintmark 'S' with upturned crescent; 'XXI' in exergue. Rx legend: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG. RIC V.2# 323A VIEW & DOWNLOAD - Diocletians Monetary Reform at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Diocletians_Monetary_Reform.pdf

Gallienus - GERMANICUS MAX

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 18:21:15 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Gallienus (253 - 268 A.D.); GALLIENVS P F AVG. Reverse: two captives seated before a large trophy; GERMANICVS MAX V; the commemorated event here is the 5th defeat for the Germans under Gallienus, this time in Milan. XF; Sear 2861, C.308, RIC 18, RSC IV/308.

Gallienus - Goat walking, antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 18:11:05 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Gallienus (253 268 A.D.), GALLIENVS AVG. reverse: Goat walking right; IOVI CONS AVG w/ 'C or S' (?) mintmark in exergue. Faint traces of silvering on this VF+ coin. VM# 100, C.344, RIC 149 & 207.

Gallienus - Antelope, antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 17:48:01 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Gallienus (253 - 268 A.D.) GALLIENVS AVG. Reverse: DIANAE CONS AVG; an antelope walking right, 'XII' in exergue. VM# 49/6, C. 162, some silvering remains.

Gallienus - Centaur antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 17:41:47 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Gallienus (253 - 268 A.D.), GALLIENVS AVG. Reverse: Centaur walking left, holds globe and Trophy; APOLLINI CONS AVG w/ 'H' mintmark in exergue. RSC IV/73, RIC s 164, VM# 19/2

Gallienus - Mars, MARTI PACIFERO

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 16:19:25 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Gallienus (253 - 268 A.D.) GALLIENVS AVG. Reverse: Mars standing, holds a branch, shield & staff or whip; MARTI PACIFERO antoninianus. RSC IV# 614, RIC 151 & 236, VM# 169. RIC s236 & 492, XF bronze.

Aurelian - Soli Invicto, antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 16:09:34 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Aurelian (270 - 275 A.D.), IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG. Reverse: SOLI INVICTO.; Sol standing left, his right arm raised, in the other hand he hold a globe, 1 captive at his feet, star above. Silvered VF; this is a variety with only one captive rather than two. Similar to Sear 3169 & 11609, C.236, RIC 308 & 390; Tripolis mint. Aurelian made the painful decision to abandon Dacia (see Trajan) in 271 AD and then attacked Zenobia & Valabathus in Palmyra in 272 AD. He also took the Gallic Empire by defeating Tetricus. He was killed while preparing to invade Sassanian territory

Philip I - Roma Aeternae, antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:50:29 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Philip I (244 - 249 A.D.) IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG. Reverse: Roma seated left, holds Victory and scepter, with shield; ROMAE AETERNAE. Possible cast fake? RSC IV# 164a, RIC 106, VM# 34 VIEW & DOWNLOAD: Three articles on the Saecular Games and the Roman Millennium of 248 A.D. at these links: Saecular Games by Illingworth: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Saecular%20Games%20-%20Illingworth.pdf Animals Mark the Roman Millennium: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/Animals%20mark%20Roman%20millennium.pdf The Roman Millennium: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The%20Roman%20Millennium.pdf

Maximinus Thrax - PAX AUGUSTI denarius

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:39:47 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Maximinus (235 - 238 A.D.) MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM. Reverse: Pax standing left, holds branch and scepter; PAX AVGVSTI. RIC IV.2# 19, C.37, BMC 144.

Maximinus - standing with Standards, denarius

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:32:53 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Often refered to as Maximinus Thrax because he was born in Thracia in northern Greece. Reign was from 235 - 238 A.D., he was an effective soldier through the ranks, MAXIMINVS PIVS AVF GERM on the obverse. Reverse: Maximinus is standing between two military standards; PM TRP III COS PP. Weight is 2.6 g and it's in XF condition, VM# 7, C.64,RIC IV.2# 5.

Probus - Victoria Germ. Antoninianus

Moneta — Fri, 17 Mar 2023 13:31:23 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: One specialty in the Roman coin series is "Rome and Germany", coins that usually commemorate the nearly continuous battles that Rome had with "barbarians" and the subsequent peace. Probus issued a number of these, several of which you can see here in the Moneta Coin Museum. Probus (276 - 282 A.D.); IMP C PROBUS AVG. Reverse: a large victory trophy flanked by two captives, VICTORIA GERM around with SPQR in exergue. This example retains most of the silvering. Here the photo is poor, in hand a much better coin, still XF. This was struck c. 278 AD. VM# 52/1, Sear 3275, C.766, RIC 223.

Probus - Soli Invicto, Quadriga

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 21:58:14 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Antoninianus (bronze) of Probus (276 - 282 A.D.); IMP PROBVS PF AVG. Reverse: SOLI INVICTO, XXI in exergue. Quadriga running left driven by Sol. Here the portrait faces right, apparently a scarce variety that I find no reference for but RIC 200 type.

Probus - facing Sol in Quadriga, Antoninianus

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 21:50:04 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Probus (276 - 282 A.D.); IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG. Reverse: Sol in facing Quadriga; SOLI INVICTO [KH Delta) in exergue. VM# 48, RIV V.2# 862g, 23.8 mm, 3.24 g.; rough but retain most of the silvering, VF+

Probus - Virtus, Antoninianus

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 21:43:54 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Probus (276 - 282 A.D.); VIRTUS PROBI AVG, Hemeted bust left, holds Spear and Shield. Rx: ADVENTVS PROBI AVG; Probus on Horseback advancing left, Captive seated before; "R" in exergue. This coin refers to the arrival of Probus to Rome in 277 A.D. RIC V.2# 166g

Septimius Severus & Victory, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 17:18:33 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Septimius Severus (193 - 211 A.D.); SEVERVS PIVS AVG. Reverse: Winged Victory standing right, foot on helmet, inscribing shield resting on Palm tree; PM TRP XV COS III PP. RIC IV.1# 211, VM# 117/3, C.489. AU VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Septimius Severus Sacrificing in Military gear

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 17:10:51 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Septimius Severus denarius (193 - 211 A.D.); SEVERVS AVG PART MAX. Reverse: RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Severus in Military uniform sacrificing with Patera over flamingTripod. RIC IV.1 167A, VM# 134, C.599, XF VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Julia Domna & Hilaritas, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 16:58:03 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Julia Domna; IVLIA AVGVSTA, wife of Septimius Severus. Reverse: HILARITAS, standing left, holds Palm & Cornucopia with two Children at her feet, (Caracalla & Geta). VM# 25/4, RIC 557, C.79, BMC 34, Sear 1740 VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Julia Domna & Vesta, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 16:51:32 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Julia Domna (193 - 211 A.D.); IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG. Reverse: VESTA seated left on stool, holds Simpulum and Scepter. RIC IV.1# 538, VM# 55/1, C. 226 VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Julia Domna & Cybele, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 16:42:01 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, mother of Caracalla and Geta, died 217 AD; ILVIA AVGVSTA . Reverse: MATER DEVM, Cybele seated left on throne flanked by two Lions. RIC IV.1# 564, VM# 34/1, S 1844, RSC 123. Small flan. VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Caracalla & Apollo, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 16:34:32 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Caracalla (196 - 217 A.D.); ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM, struck 213 - 217 AD. Reverse: Apollo seated left with arm on Lyre, holds branch. Roman Emperor Caracalla introduced the antoninianus as a temporary measure to curb Roman inflation. VM# 61/2, RIC 238a, C.242 VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Caracalla & Mars, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 15:48:38 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Caracalla as Caesar (196 - 198 A.D.) M AVR ANTON CAES PONTIF. Reverse: Mars advancing right, carries spear and trophy; MARTI VLTORI. RIC II.1# 11, VM# 48, C.154, BMC 202; XF/VF VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf

Geta - PRINC IVVENT, Denarius

Moneta — Thu, 16 Mar 2023 15:32:18 -0700

by: Moneta

Description: Geta (198 - 212 A.D.); P SEPT GETA CAES PONT; Reverse: PRINC IVVENT; Geta standing with branch and reversed spear, No trophy behind. RIC IV.1#15b or a, VM# 34/2 Caracalla's father, Septimius Severus, died on 4 February 211 at Eboracum (present day York, England) while on campaign in Caledonia, north of Roman Britannia. Caracalla and his brother, Geta, jointly inherited the throne upon their father's death. Caracalla and Geta ended the campaign in Caledonia after concluding a peace with the Caledonians that returned the border of Roman Britain to the line demarcated by Hadrian's Wall. During the journey back to Rome with their father's ashes, Caracalla and his brother continuously argued with one another, making relations between them increasingly hostile. Caracalla and Geta considered dividing the empire in half along the Bosphorus to make their co-rule less hostile. Caracalla was to rule in the west and Geta was to rule in the east. They were persuaded not to do this by their mother. On 26 December 211, at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother, Geta was assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard loyal to Caracalla. Geta died in his mother's arms. It is widely accepted, and clearly most likely, that Caracalla ordered the assassination himself, as the two had never been on favourable terms with one another, much less after succeeding their father. Caracalla then persecuted and executed most of Geta's supporters and ordered a damnatio memoriae pronounced by the Senate against his brother's memory. Geta's image was removed from all paintings, coins were melted down, statues were destroyed, his name was struck from papyrus records, and it became a capital offence to speak or write Geta's name. In the aftermath of the damnatio memoriae, an estimated 20,000 people were massacred. Those killed were Geta's inner circle of guards and advisers, friends, and other military staff under his employ. VIEW & DOWNLOAD: The Severan Dynasty by Marsden at this: https://groups.io/g/Moneta/files/Moneta%20Library/The_Severan_Dynasty_Marsden.pdf